Unlike members of the first generation of center-fire blackpowder revolver cartridges, which were loaded only to 6-8,000 CUP [for use in iron frame pistols], the 44 Russian, a member of the 2nd generation, is loaded to higher pressures (12,000 CUP) for use in steel revolvers. To keep the 44 Russian rounds from being (very destructively) fired in 44 American revolvers, the 44 Russian case is 0.060" longer (0.91" vs 0.97"). The Russian can be fired in 44 Special and 44 Magnum firearms (though long bullet jumps tend to preclude reasonable accuracy).

With the industry's embracing of smokless powders at the turn of the century (1900-1905), the 44 Russian ran into problems. Part of the Russian's popularity stemmed from the extra 100fp of muzzle energy it provided over the 44 American (310fp vs 210fp); but when the Russian was loaded with smokeless powder (less dense by definition) its performance was only on par with the American. The 44 S&W Special was introduced, with a 0.200" longer case, 6gr+ greater capacity, in order to provide 44 Russian performance, with smokeless powder.

If not for the Cowboy Action Shooters of today, and the "rediscovery" of the Russian, the 44 Smith & Wesson Russian would be an obsolete and probably forgotten cartridge. Nominal bullet diameter is .429" (like 44 Special and 44 Magnum). Brass can be purchased commercially, or formed from 44 Special brass. RCBS offers both case forming and reloading dies.